Abstract:The eggshell is the major source of protection for the inside of poultry eggs from microbial contamination. Timely detection of cracked eggs is the key to improving the edible rate of fresh eggs, hatching rate of breeding eggs and the quality of egg products. Different from traditional detection based on acoustics and vision, this paper proposes a nondestructive method of detection for eggshell cracks based on the egg electrical characteristics model, which combines static and dynamic electrical characteristics and designs a multi-layer flexible electrode that can closely fit the eggshell surface and a rotating mechanism that takes into account different sizes of eggs. The current signals of intact eggs and cracked eggs were collected under 1500 V of DC voltage, and their time domain features (TFs), frequency domain features (FFs) and wavelet features (WFs) were extracted. Machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) were used for classification. The relationship between various features and classification algorithms was studied, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified. Finally, the method is proven to be universal and generalizable through an experiment on duck eggshell microcrack detection. The experimental results show that the proposed method can realize the detection of eggshell microcracks of less than 3 μm well, and the random forest model combining the three features mentioned above is proven to be the best, with a detection accuracy of cracked eggs and intact eggs over 99%. This nondestructive method can be employed online for egg microcrack inspection in industrial applications.Keywords: electrical characteristics; poultry eggs; nondestructive detection; cracked eggs; machine learning
two notes torpedo pi 101 crack
Shi, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Yuan, J.; Cheng, Y.; Jia, B.; Zhu, C. Nondestructive Detection of Microcracks in Poultry Eggs Based on the Electrical Characteristics Model. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1137.
Shi, Chenbo, Yuxin Wang, Chun Zhang, Jin Yuan, Yanhong Cheng, Baodun Jia, and Changsheng Zhu. 2022. "Nondestructive Detection of Microcracks in Poultry Eggs Based on the Electrical Characteristics Model" Agriculture 12, no. 8: 1137.
Some works have focused on detecting the region of interest (ROI) in the infrared images. In most applications, infrared images contain information about the target object, but also about the surroundings. Thus, in order to determine the temperature of the target object, it needs to be identified in the image. This region of the image is usually called the ROI, i.e., the portion of an image of particular interest. The ROI is application dependent. In [79] (Figure 7b), the ROI is a stream of pig iron. The procedure followed in this work is an image processing algorithm based on the following steps: detection of the open mouth using edge detection and fitting, definition of an ROI around the mouth of the torpedo and segmentation using thresholding and region growing. In [80], the ROI is the flame front in a sinterization process (Figure 7c). In this case, the procedure segments the ROI using active contours. In [81], the ROI is a rotatory cooler (Figure 7d). In this case, the ROI is detected using a combination of edge detection and fitting. The movement of the hot material is also tracked by estimating the geometric transformation between images.
Another study conducted with laser spot IRT is [129] in which a 3D simulation is carried out to simulate the heat flow from a laser-heated spot in the proximity of a crack. In Figure 16, the simulated thermal image corresponding to the detection of an open crack by laser thermography and the variation induced in the temperature of the region under influence are observed. A novel second derivative image processing method for extracting images of cracks after raster scanning was also developed. This proved to be highly competitive with regards to most established NDT techniques, such as dye penetrant, with the added value of being non-contact and requiring no surface preparation.
Laser spot is not the only IRT technique for proper crack detection. UET has also been evaluated for this task [130]. This evaluation concludes that UET can effectively detect closed cracks considered undetectable by traditional NDT methods, including optically-stimulated IRT. Thanks to its large area imaging capability, high test productivity and safety, ultrasound IRT is a powerful NDT tool for the inspection of cracks in large aluminum structures. Its disadvantage is the requirement of a coupling element.
Closely related to manufacturing defects, like porosity and fiber misalignment, is the important role they play in the generation of more severe defects, such as delaminations. Composite materials are less prone to corrosion and cracking than other materials, such as metals. However, they are extremely sensitive to impact damage. Accidental impacts can cause damage that severely reduces their structural stiffness, creating invisible cracks and delaminations due to the propagation of mechanical energy inside the material. Even imperceptible impacts on the surface can hide important subsurface damage that can lead to severe consequences.
For each hit in this essay, excerpts from BuShips' damage report and from South Dakota's action report are shown indented to indicate direct quotes. In these excerpts, naval phraseology, grammar and abbreviations are left as-is in order to give the reader both the flavor and substance of the documents. Obscure abbreviations are defined in footnotes at their first occurrence. The use of brackets [ ] in these excerpts are used to denote where paraphrasing was used to clarify the meaning of certain passages; where the original photocopy is illegible; or to note the sub-section of the report where the excerpt was found.
The footnotes in this essay relating to the Action Report itself are indicated as "USS South Dakota Action Report" along with the page number where the data was found. The footnotes in this essay relating to Enclosure D from this action report are indicated as "USS South Dakota Action Report, Enclosure D" along with the page number where the data was found.
It is difficult to make them out in the photograph in Figure 8, but the original caption on this photograph notes that there are four patches on the hull below the large hole caused by Hit 2 and these have been highlighted by the addition of red ovals to this photograph. From comparing Plate 1 in the BuShips' report (shown as Figure 123 in this essay) with this photograph, it appears that one additional hole is covered up by the canvas hanging out of the left side of the Hit 2 hole. The sixth hole mentioned in BuShips' report is not shown here as it is below the lower edge of this photograph.
As plates get thicker than Tmod, the hole size created goes down rapidly, with zero hole size (merely a large dent with cracks) occurring at a plate thickness of 1.2 x Tmod. For plates thicker than Tmod, we use the following equation:
These calculations show that an 8-inch Type 0 HE shell would produce an 8-inch hole (caliber width) in a 2.14-inch thick STS plate and that a 2.57-inch thick plate would defeat this size shell, achieving only a dent. Intermediate thicknesses of STS between the 2.14 inch and 2.57 inch limits would have progressively smaller holes and shorter cracks in the plate.
17. This hit struck between frames 46 and 47 about one foot above the third deck. It penetrated longitudinal torpedo bulkhead No. 2 and detonated on the 12.2-inch longitudinal armor bulkhead about 2 feet 2 inches above the third deck. The armor was not indented, but the projectile left a black circle about 6 inches in diameter within a partial black ring about 8 inches in diameter on the face of the armor. The force of the explosion blew the third deck down 3-1/2 inches over a 15 by 30 inch area and fragments penetrated the third deck between bulkheads No. 2 and the longitudinal armor bulkhead in two places. Torpedo bulkhead No. 2 above the third deck was blown outboard between frames 46 and 47 by the force of the explosion. The following tanks were reported flooded as a result of the hit; A-11-F, A-21-F, A-23-F, A-33-F and A-39-F. Although it was not mentioned in the report, A-27-V probably flooded also.
There are no inconsistencies with this damage or with BuShips' estimate of an 8-inch AP projectile. 27 Although this shell was slowed down by its underwater trajectory, it still had enough velocity remaining to penetrate the torpedo defenses and reach the main belt but not enough to significantly damage the plate.
The 8-inch AP projectile punched a rectangular hole out of the 1.25-inch STS outer hull which implies that it must have hit at a significant horizontal obliquity, but with minimal angle of fall. The windscreen was smashed flat and broken up by the impact with the outer shell, but the cap head remained on the projectile nose until it went completely through and even then did not have time to move much before the projectile eventually terminated its flight up against the belt armor. The projectile with the cap head still "riding" on its nose then punched through the HTS upward extension of the first internal anti-torpedo bulkhead and then it hit the main belt, where it destroyed itself, leaving only a 5-inch wide black circular disk on the face of the belt plate with an 8-inch wide narrow black ring surrounding it. What made the black color is unknown, but it might have been due to the impact shock of the 5-inch diameter flat nose under the crushed cap head and/or transmitted blast shock of the shell detonation removing paint and a very thin surface layer of the cemented part of the plate face, exposing the dark carburized layer that makes up about 1 inch of the plate thickness. The 8-inch ring might be due to the thick 8-inch diameter base hitting the armor after the projectile body in front of it had been destroyed. Other than this, the belt plate had no damage whatsoever. 2ff7e9595c
Comments